Sunday 5 February 2012

Sanskrit As A Language Of Science


Sanskrit As A Language Of Science
By : Justice Markandey Katju, Judge, Supreme Court of India
Speech delivered on 13.10.2009 in the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore

Friends,

It is a great honour for me to be invited to speak in the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, which is renowned as one of the foremost scientific institutes in India, and which indeed is recognized as a great centre of science throughout the world. Your institute has produced great scientists of international repute.

The topic which I have chosen to speak on today is `Sanskrit as a language of Science'. I have chosen this topic for two reasons:
  1. You are yourselves scientists, and hence would naturally like to know about your scientific heritage and the great scientific achievements of your ancestors.

  2. Today India is facing huge problems, and in my opinion these can only be solved by science. We have to spread the scientific outlook to every nook and corner of our country, if we are to progress. And by science I mean not just physics, chemistry and biology but the entire scientific outlook. We must develop the rational and questioning attitude in our people, and abolish superstitions and empty rituals.
The foundation of India culture is based on the Sanskrit language. There is a misconception about the Sanskrit language that it is only a language for chanting mantras in temples or religious ceremonies. However, that is less than 5% of the Sanskrit literature. More than 95% of the Sanskrit literature has nothing to do with religion, and instead it deals with philosophy, law, science, literature, grammar, phonetics, interpretation etc. In fact Sanskrit was the language of free thinkers, who questioned everything, and expressed the widest spectrum of thoughts on various subjects. In particular, Sanskrit was the language of our scientists in ancient India. Today, no doubt, we are behind the Western countries in science, but there was a time when India was leading the whole world in science. Knowledge of the great scientific achievements of our ancestors and our scientific heritage will give us the encouragement and moral strength to once again take India to the forefront of science in the modern world.

The word `Sanskrit' means “prepared, pure, refined or prefect”. It was not for nothing that it was called the `devavani' (language of the Gods). It has an outstanding place in our culture and indeed was recognized as a language of rare sublimity by the whole world. Sanskrit was the language of our philosophers, our scientists, our mathematicians, our poets and playwrights, our grammarians, our jurists, etc. In grammar, Panini and Patanjali (authors of Ashtadhyayi and the Mahabhashya) have no equals in the world; in astronomy and mathematics the works of Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta and Bhaskar opened up new frontiers for mankind, as did the works of Charak and Sushrut in medicine. In philosophy Gautam (founder of the Nyaya system), Ashvaghosha (author of Buddha Charita), Kapila (founder of the Sankhya system), Shankaracharya, Brihaspati, etc., present the widest range of philosophical systems the world has ever seen, from deeply religious to strongly atheistic. Jaimini's Mimansa Sutras laid the foundation of a whole system of rational interpretation of texts which was used not only in religion but also in law, philosophy, grammar, etc. In literature, the contribution of Sanskrit is of the foremost order. The works of Kalidas (Shakuntala, Meghdoot, Malavikagnimitra, etc.), Bhavabhuti (Malti Madhav, Uttar Ramcharit, etc.) and the epics of Valmiki, Vyas, etc. are known all over the world. These and countless other Sanskrit works kept the light of learning ablaze in our country upto modern times.

In this talk I am confining myself to only that part of Sanskrit literature which is related to science.

As already stated above, there is a great misconception about Sanskrit that it is only a language to be recited as mantras in temples or in religious ceremonies. However, that is only 5% of the Sanskrit literature.  The remaining 95% has nothing to do with religion.   In particular, Sanskrit was the language in which all our great scientists in ancient India wrote their works.

Before proceeding further, I may take a digression from the topic  under discussion.  In fact, I will be taking several digressions during the course of this talk, and initially you may think that this digression has nothing to do with the subject under discussion, viz. Sanskrit as a language of science, but at the end of the digression you will realize its intimate connection with the subject.

The first digression is to ask what is India ? Although we are all Indians, many of us do not know our own country and hence I will explain.

India is broadly a country of immigrants.
While North America (USA and Canada) is a country of new immigrants, who came mainly from Europe over the last four or five centuries, India is a country of old immigrants in which people came over the last ten thousand years or so. Probably about 95 % people living in India today are descendants of immigrants who came mainly from the North-West and to a lesser extent from the North-East. Since this is a point of great importance for the understanding of our country, it is necessary to go into it in some detail (for further details see my article ‘Kalidas Ghalib Academy for Mutual Understanding’ on the website kgfindia.com).

People migrate from uncomfortable areas to comfortable areas.  This is natural because everyone wants to live in comfort. Before the coming of modern industry there were agricultural societies everywhere and India was a paradise for these because agriculture requires level land, fertile soil, plenty of water for irrigation, temperate climate etc. which was in abundance in India.  Why should anybody living in India migrate to, say, Afghanistan which has a harsh terrain, rocky and mountainous and covered with snow for several months in a year when one cannot grow any crop?  Hence, almost all immigrations and invasions came from outside into India (except those Indians who were sent out during British rule as indentured labour, and the recent migration of a few million Indians to the developed countries for job opportunities).  There is perhaps not a single instance of an invasion from India to outside India.

India was a veritable paradise for agricultural societies because it has level & fertile land, hundreds of rivers, forests etc. and is rich in natural resources. Hence for thousands of years people kept pouring into India because they found a comfortable life here in a country which was gifted by nature.

As the great Urdu poet Firaq Gorakhpuri wrote:

“Sar Zamin-e-hind par aqwaam-e-alam ke firaq
kafile guzarte gae Hindustan banta gaya”
Which means -
“In the land of Hind, the Caravans of the peoples of the world kept coming in and India kept getting formed”.

Who were the original inhabitants of India ? At one time it was believed that the Dravidians were the original inhabitants. However, the generally accepted view now is that the original inhabitants of India were the pre-Dravidians aborigineswhose descendants are the speakers of the Munda language who presently live in forest areas of Chota Nagpur, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal etc., the Todas of the Nilgiris, and others  known as Adivasis.  Their population is only 5 to 7% of the total population of India.  The remaining about 95% people living in India today are descendants of immigrants who came mainly from the north-west.  Even the Dravidians are now believed to have come from outside, probably from the present Pakistan and Afghanistan areas, and this theory is supported by the existence even today of a Dravidian language called Brahui which is spoken by 3 million people in Western Pakistan (see Brahui on Google).  In this connection one may also see ‘Cambridge History of India,  Vol. I.

There are a large number of religions, castes, languages, ethnic groups, cultures etc. in our country, which is due to the fact that India is a country of immigrants.  Somebody is tall, somebody is short, some are dark, some are fair complexioned, with all kinds of shades in between, someone has Caucasian features, someone has Mongoloid features, someone has Negroid features, etc. There are differences in dress, food habits and various other matters.

We may compare India with China which is larger both in population and in land area than India.  China has a population of about 1.3 billion whereas our population is roughly 1.15 billion.  Also, China has more than twice our land area.   However, all Chinese have Mongoloid features; they have a common written script (Mandarin Chinese) and 95% of them belong to one ethnic group, called the Han Chinese.  Hence there is  broad homogeneity in China.

On the other hand, as stated above, India has tremendous diversity and this is due to the large scale migrations and invasions into India over thousands of years. The various immigrants/invaders who came into India brought with them their different cultures, languages, religions, etc. which accounts for the tremendous diversity in India.

As already stated above India was a country ideally suited  for agriculture as it has level land, fertile soil, plenty of water, temperate climate etc.  It is only in agricultural society that culture, arts and science can grow.  In the preceding hunting stage these cannot grow because man has no free time in the hunting stage, and he has to devote all his time to get his food by hunting animals etc.  The struggle for existence compels him to do this from morning to night leaving him no free time for doing free thinking.  It is only when agriculture begins that man can get some free time for thinking.  Since India was a country ideally suited for agriculture, people had free time here to do thinking.  In ancient India there was a lot of intellectual activity.   In our literature we read hundreds of instances of Shastrarthas, which were debates in which the intellectuals freely discussed their  points of view in the presence of a large assembly.  Thousands of books in Sanskrit were written on various subjects, though perhaps less than 10% have survived the ravages of time.

I have made this digression to point out that it was the geographical condition of India (flat and fertile land, temperate climate etc.) which enabled our ancestors to progress a lot in science and culture as our country was ideal for agriculture and hence provided a lot of free time for thinking.

Before dealing with the specific achievements of our ancestors in the fields of Mathematics, Astronomy, Medicine, Engineering, etc. it is necessary to mention that the Sanskrit language made two great contributions to the development and progress of science in ancient India. :-

  1. A language was created by the great grammarian Panini, namely Classical Sanskrit, which enabled scientific ideas to be expressed with great precision, logic and elegance. Science requires precision. Also, science requires a written language in which ideas can be written with great precision and logic.

    No doubt the first language of people everywhere in the world is the spoken language, but further development of thinking cannot take place unless there is a written language in which ideas can be expressed with precision.  A scientist may think out new ideas in his mind, but these will remain rambling, diffused and disorganized ideas unless they are set down in writing. By writing we give our ideas greater clarity and make them coherent and in a logical sequence, somewhat like in a mathematical theorem where each step logically follows from the previous step. Hence for progress in science a written language is absolutely essential in which scientific ideas can be expressed with great precision and logic.

  2. A philosophy is required for the progress of science to give support and encouragement to science and scientific development.
As regards the first point mentioned above I will have to make another digression and go a little deeper and  must tell you a little about the development of the Sanskrit language.

In fact Sanskrit is not just one language, there are several Sanskrits. What we  call Sanskrit today is really Panini's Sanskrit, also known as Classical Sanskrit or Laukik Sanskrit, and this is what is taught in our schools and universities today, and it is in this language that all our scientists wrote their great works. However, there were earlier Sanskrits too which were somewhat different from Classical Sanskrit.

The earliest Sanskrit work is the Rig Veda, which was probably composed around 2000 B.C.  However, it was subsequently continued from generation to generation by oral tradition, and had to be memorized orally in the Gurukul by the young boys by repeating the verses chanted by their Guru.  The Rig Veda is the most sacred of Hindu literature, and it consists of 1028 hymns (richas) to various nature gods e.g. Indra, agni, surya, soma, varuna etc.

Language changes with passage of time. For instance, it is difficult to understand Shakespeare's plays today without a good commentary because Shakespeare wrote in the 16th Century A.D. and since then the English language has changed. Many of the words and expressions which were in vogue in Shakespeare's time are no longer in vogue today. Hence we cannot understand Shakespeare's plays today without a good commentary.

Similarly, the Sanskrit language kept changing from around 2000 B.C. when the Rig Veda was composed to about 500 B.C. i.e. for about 1500 years. In the 5th Century B.C. the great scholar Panini, who was perhaps the greatest grammarian the world has ever seen, wrote his great book `Ashtadhyayi' (book of eight chapters). In this book Panini fixed the rules of Sanskrit, and thereafter no further changes in Sanskrit were permitted except slight changes made by two other great grammarians, namely, Katyayana who wrote his book called ‘Vartika’, and Patanjali who wrote his commentary on the Ashtadhyayi called the ‘Maha Bhashya’. Except for the slight changes by these two subsequent grammarians, Sanskrit as it exists today is really Panini's Sanskrit or Classical Sanskrit.

What Panini did was that he studied carefully the existing Sanskrit language in his time and then refined, purified and systematized it so as to make it a language of great logic, precision and elegance.  Thus Panini made Sanskrit a highly developed and powerful vehicle of expression in which scientific ideas could be expressed with great precision and clarity.  This language was made uniform all over India, so that scholars from North, South East and West could understand each other.

I am not going into the details about the Ashtadhyayi but I will give one small illustration in this connection.

In the English language the alphabets from A to Z are not arranged in any logical or rational manner. There is no reason why F is followed by G or why P is followed by Q, etc. The alphabets in English are all arranged haphazardly and at random. On the other hand, Panini in his first fourteen Sutras arranged alphabets in the Sanskrit language in a very scientific and logical manner, after close observation of the sounds in human speech.

Thus, for example the vowels, a, aa, i, ee, u, oo, ae, ai, o, ou are arranged according to the shape of the mouth when these sounds are emitted, az and aa, are pronounced from the throat, i and ee from the palate, o and oo from the lips, etc. In the same way the consonants have been arranged in a sequence on a scientific pattern. The (ka) varga (i.e. ka, kha, ga, gha, nga) are emitted from the throat, the (cha) varga from the palate, the ( ta ) varga from the roof of the mouth, the (ta ) varga from the teeth, and the (pa ) varga from the lips.

I venture to say that no language in the world has its alphabets arranged in such a rational and systematic manner. And when we see how deeply our ancestors went in the seemingly simple matter of arranging the alphabets we can realize how deeply they went in more advanced matters.

Panini's Sanskrit is called Classical Sanskrit, as I have already stated above, and it is in contrast with the earlier Vedic Sanskrit that is the language (or languages) in which the Vedas were written.

 I may now be permitted another digression here to tell you about the meaning of the word ‘Veda’, but that digression is again necessary to understand what Panini did.

The word Veda (also called `Shruti') consists of four parts :-

  1. Samhita or Mantra, which consists of the four books Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samveda and Atharvaveda. The word ‘Samhita’ means a collection, and Rigveda is a collection of hymns as already stated above. The principal Veda is the Rigveda, and it is written in poetic verses called ‘richas’. The Samveda is really Rigveda set to music, while about 2/3rd of the Richas (poems) of Yajurveda are taken from the Rigveda. Some people regard the Atharvaveda as a later addition to the Samhitas, which were earlier known as ‘trayi vidya’ consisting of the Rigveda, Yajurveda and Samveda.

  2. The Brahmanas, which are books written in prose in which the method of performing the various yagyas is given. Each Brahmana is attached to some Samhita. Thus attached to the Rigveda is the Aitareya Brahmana and the Kaushiteki Brahmana, attached to the Samveda is the Tandya Brahmana and some other Brahmanas, attached to the white (shukla) Yajurveda is the Shatapatha Brahmana and some other Brahmanas, attached to the black (Krishna) Yajurveda is the Taitareya Brahmana and some other Brahmana, attached to the Atharvaveda is the Gopath Brahmana. As stated above, these Brahmana are written in prose, unlike the Samhitas which are mainly in poetry, and they prescribe the rules for performing the various yagyas.

  3. The Aranyaks, which are forest books.  These contain the germs of philosophical thought, though in undeveloped form.

  4. The Upanishads which incorporated developed philosophical ideas.
The above four, namely, the Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyaks, and the Upanishads collectively are known as Veda or Shruti.

The Brahmanas were written subsequent to the Samhitas, and their language is somewhat different from that of the Samhitas, obviously because the Sanskrit language had changed by the time they were written.  Similarly, the Aranyaks were written subsequent to the Brahmanas, and, the  Sanskrit of the Aranyaks is slightly different from that of the Brahmanas. The last part of the Veda is the  Upanishads, and the language of the Upanishads is different from that of earlier Vedic works for the reason that the Sanskrit language kept changing over the centuries, as already stated above. The Sanskrit of the Upanishads is closest to Panini's Sanskrit.

After Panini wrote his Ashtadhyayi the entire non-Vedic Sanskrit literature was written in accordance with Panini's grammar, and even that part of the non-Vedic Sanskrit literature which existed before Panini was altered and made in accordance with  Panini's grammar (except some words called apashabdas).

The Vedic literature is only about 1% of the entire Sanskrit literature. About 99% of Sanskrit literature is non vedic Sanskrit literature. For instance, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Puranas, the works of Kalidas, etc. are no doubt highly respected but they are not part of the Vedic literature and hence they are now almost all existing in accordance with Panini's grammar.

To illustrate, some parts of the Mahabharata were written before Panini because Panini has referred to the Mahabharat in his Ashtadhyayi.  Even such parts of the  Mahabharata were altered and made in accordance with Panini’s grammar. Thus today all of the Sanskrit non-Vedic literature is in accordance with Panini's grammar, except a few words and expressions, called Apashabdas or apabhramshas (as Patanjali has described them) which for some reason could not be fitted into Panini’s system, and hence have been left as they were.

However, it was not permissible to change the language of the Rigveda and make it in accordance with Panini's grammar. Panini or no Panini, one could not touch the Rigveda, because it was held to be so sacred that it was not permitted to change its language. In fact after having been initially composed may be around 2000 B.C. the Rigveda was thereafter never written and it continued from generation to generation by oral tradition from Guru to Shishya.

Thus the Vedic literature is not in accordance with the Panini's grammar. However, the non-Vedic Sanskrit literature (which is 99% of the entire Sanskrit literature) is almost all in accordance with  Panini's grammar, including all the great scientific works. This provided for uniformity and it systematized the language so that scholars could  easily express and communicate their ideas with great precision. This was a necessary requirement for the development of science.

The spoken language no doubt is very useful, but the spoken dialects change every 50 or 100 kilometers, and hence there is no uniformity in them. A written language like Classical Sanskrit in which scholars could express and communicate ideas to other scholars living far away with great precision and clarity was thus absolutely necessary for the development of science, and this is the great achievement of Panini.

As regards the second factor contributing to the development of science in ancient India, namely, scientific philosophy I would now like to tell you something about Indian philosophy.  Hence I am making another digression.

The generally accepted view is that there are six systems of Classical (orthodox) Indian philosophy (Shat Dharshana) and three non classical (unorthodox) systems. The six classical (orthodox) systems are Nyaya, Vaisheshik, Sankya, Yoga, Purva Mimansa and Uttar Mimansa (also known as Vedanta).  The non classical (unorthodox) systems are Buddhism, Jainism and Charvak.

The Shatdarshanas are given below, with a brief mention of their viewpoints.

Shatdarshana or six classical (orthodox) schools of Indian philosophy
  1. Nyaya - presents the scientific outlook .  It insists that nothing is acceptable unless it is in accordance with reason and experience.  It was subsequently distorted by the later Nyayiks.

  2. Vaisheshik - presents the atomic theory.

  3. Sankhya - Probably presents the materialist ontology of the Nyaya Vaisheshik system. However, very little of the original literature on Sankhya has survived, and there is some controversy about its basic principles, some saying that it is dualistic and not monistic because it has two entities, purush and prakriti, in it.

  4. Yoga - presents a method of physical and mental discipline

  5. Purva mimansa (or briefly mimansa) - lays emphasis on the performance of the yagya for attaining various spiritual and worldly benefits.  Hence relies on the Brahmana part of the Vedas.

  6. Uttar Mimansa (or Vedanta) – lays emphasis on brahmagyan, hence relies on the Upanishad part of the Vedas.
It is said that the classical and non-classical system of philosophy differ in that the former accept the authority of the Vedas while the latter do not. However this does not seem to be correct as a close examination shows that the first 4 classical systems do not really accept the authority of the Vedas (though some of them pay lip service to it).  It is the last two, the Purva Mimansa and the Uttar Mimansa, which certainly rely on the Veda.

I need not dilate on all these systems and it is only necessary to mention about the Nyaya and Vaisheshik systems, which represent the scientific outlook. Nyaya philosophy states that nothing is acceptable unless it is in accordance with reason and experience, and this is precisely the scientific approach (see in this connection D.P. Chattopadhyaya’s ‘What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy’ which is a seminal work on Indian Philosophy). Vaisheshik is the atomic (parmanu) theory, which was the physics of ancient India. Originally Nyaya and Vaisheshik were regarded as one system, but since physics is the most fundamental of all sciences, the Vaisheshik system was later separated from Nyaya and made as a separate system of philosophy.

It may be added here that the Sankhya system is perhaps older than the Nyaya Vaisheshik systems but very little literature on it has survived (the Sankhya Karika and Sankhya Sutras and commentaries on them).  However, the Sankhya philosophy certainly seems to have given the materialist ontological foundation on which the later Nyaya-Vaisheshik scientific philosophy was built, and hence we can broadly call the Indian philosophy representing the scientific approach as the Sankhya-Nyaya-Vaisheshik system. However, in brief we are calling it the Nyaya-Vaisheshik system, since we know much more about Nyaya and Vaisheshik then we know about Sankhya.

The Nyaya Vaisheshik system is (i) realist, and (2) pluralistic.  This is in contrast to Advaita Vedanta of Shankaracharya which is monastic and regards the world as illusion or maya in the ultimate analysis.  The word ‘pluralistic’ is in contrast to the word ‘monistic’.  The word ‘monistic’ means that there is only one entity in the world.  Shankaracharya’s  Advaita philosophy says that there is only one entity in the world i.e. Brahman whereas the various objects like table, glass, pen, room etc. are not different from each other, and their difference is only an illusion.  On the other hand, the Nyaya Vaisheshik systems says that there are several real entities and the world comprises of not just one entity, but a large number of entities which are different e.g. table, book, room, human bodies etc.  Hence the Nyaya philosophy is pluralistic and not monistic.

In this connection it is important to again digress a bit and  tell you something about philosophy.

The two most important branches of philosophy are ontology and epistemology. Ontology is the study of existence.   In other words, in ontology the questions asked are what really exists? Does God exist? Does the world exist or is it illusion (maya)?  What is real, and what is only apparently real?

 Epistemology is the study of the means of valid knowledge. For instance, how do I know that this object in front of me exists? The answer is that it is Pratyaksha? I can see it with my eyes Pratyaksha is the knowledge which we derive from the five senses, and pratyaksha pramana is regarded as the pradhan pramana or the most basic of all the means of valid knowledge.

However, there are other pramanas e.g. anuman (inference), shabda (statement of some expert or authoritative persons) etc.  Thus, much of scientific knowledge comes from anuman pramana.  For instance, Rutherford never saw an atom with his eyes, but by studying the scattering of alpha rays (which are positively charged helium ions) he used anuman praman (inference) to deduce that there was a positively charged nucleus around which negatively charged electrons were orbiting. Similarly, black holes can not be know by pratyaksha pramana (since light cannot escape from them), but we can infer their existence by the movement of some nearby heavenly bodies on which an invisible body (the black hole) is exercising a gravitational pull.

The third Pramana in the epistemology of the Nyaya system is Shabda Pramana, which is the statement of an expert or a person having great reputation in a particular field.  We often accept such statements to be correct, even though we may not understand the proof, because the person making it has a reputation of an expert.

For instance, we accept that e=mc2 as Shabda pramana since Einstein has a great reputation as a theoretical physicist, although we ourselves may be unable to understand how he reached that equation (as that will require a knowledge of higher mathematics and physics which we may not possess).  Similarly, we accept what our doctor tells us about our ailment, as he is an expert.

There is another pramana called upama (analogy) in the Nyaya system, but we need not go into it here.

As already stated above, the Nyaya Philosophy represents the scientific outlook, and it places great emphasis on the pratyaksha pramana (though this too may sometimes be deceptive e.g. a mirage).  This is also the approach of science because in science we largely rely on observation, experiment and logical inferences.

It may be mentioned that Pratyaksha pramana may not necessarily lead to truthful knowledge in all cases. For instance, we see the sun rising from the east in the morning, going up above us in the mid-day, and setting in the west.  If we rely only on Pratyaksha Pramana we would conclude that the sun goes around the earth.  However the great mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata in his book Arybhatiya wrote that the same visual impression will be created if we assume that the earth is spinning on its axis.  In other words, if the earth is rotating on its axis it will appear that the sun rises form the east and sets in the west.  Hence along with Pratyaksha Pramana we have also to apply reason, as observation alone may not always lead to truthful knowledge.

It may be mentioned that the Nyaya philosophy developed logic to an extent even beyond what Aristotle and other Greek thinkers did (see D.P. Chattopadhyaya’s books in this connection), and logical thinking is necessary for science.

Thus the Nyaya philosophy gave great support and encouragement to science in ancient India. It must be mentioned that the Nyaya philosophy is one of the Shat Darshanas i.e. one of the six orthodox systems in Indian philosophy, and not an unorthodox system like the Charvaks.  Hence our great scientists could not be persecuted by the orthodox people since they could say that they were relying on an orthodox philosophy, namely, the Nyaya. This was unlike in Europe where some of the greatest scientists like Galileo were persecuted by the Church for preaching ideas inconsistent with the Bible.

In ancient India there were everywhere debates or Shashtrarthas which permitted free discussion of ideas, criticism of one’s opponent, and free dissent in the presence of a large  gathering.  Such freedom of thought and expression led to great development of science, since science also requires freedom, freedom to think, freedom to express one’s ideas, and freedom to dissent.  The  great scientist Charak has mentioned in his book Charak samhita that debating is  necessary for the development of science, particularly debating with one’s mental equals.

In the earliest Nyaya text,  which is the Nyaya Sutras of Gautam, several categories of debate are mentioned e.g. vad, jalp, vitanda, etc  These  were further developed by the subsequent writers of Nyaya

Having explained these two factors which gave great encouragement to the development and progress of science we may now come to the specific subjects of science dealt with by our ancient scientists.

MATHEMATICS
The decimal system was perhaps the most revolutionary and greatest scientific achievement in the ancient world in mathematics. The numbers in the decimal system were called Arabic numerals by the Europeans, but surprisingly the Arab scholars called them Hindu numerals. Were they really Arabic or Hindu? In this connection it may be mentioned that the languages Urdu, Persian and Arabic are written from right to left but if you ask any speaker of these languages to write any number e.g. 257 he will write the number from left to right. This shows that these numbers were taken from a language which was written from left to right and not from right to left.  It is accepted now that these numbers came from India and they were copied by the Arabs from us.

I would like to illustrate the revolutionary significance of the decimal system. As we all know, ancient Rome was a great civilization, the civilization of Caesar and Augustus, but if one would have asked an ancient Roman to write the number one million he would have almost gone crazy because to write one million he would have to write the letter M which stands for millennium (or one thousand)  one thousand times. In the Roman numerals there is no single number greater than  M, which stands for one thousand. To write 2000 we have to write MM, to write 3000 we have to write MMM, and to write one million one has to write M one thousand times.

On the other hand, under our system to express one million we have just to write the number one followed by six zeros.
In the Roman numerals there is no zero. Zero was an invention of ancient India and progress was not possible without this invention.

I am not going into details about the great contributions of our great mathematicians like Aryabhatta, Brahamgupta, Bhaskar, Varahamihira etc. and you can read about it in the Google Website. However, I may just give two simple illustrations in this connection.

The number 1,00,000 is called a lakh in the Indian numeral system.  100 lacs is called one crore, 100 crores is called one arab, 100 arabs is called one kharab, 100 kharabs is called one neel, 100 neels is called one padma, 100 padmas is called one shankh, 100 shankh is called one mahashankh, etc. Thus one mahashankh will be the number 1  followed by 19 zeros (for further details you may see V.S. Apte's Sanskrit English Dictionary in Google). On the other hand the ancient Romans could not express any number larger than one thousand except by repeating M and the other numerals again and again.

Take another illustration.  According to the Vishnu Purana, the Kaliyuga in which we are living consists of 4, 32, 000 years. The preceding Yuga is known as the Dwapar Yug and is twice as long as the Kaliyuga.   Preceding the Dwapar Yug, is the Treta Yug which is thrice the duration of the Kaliyuga. The Yuga preceding Treta Yug is the Satyug which was said to be four times longer than the Kaliyuga. One Kaliyuga, one Dwapar Yug, one Treta Yug and one Satyug are collectively known as one Chaturyugi (or 43 lacs 20 thousand years). Fifty Six Chaturyugis are known as one Manovantar. Fourteen Manovantars is known as one Kalpa.  Twelve Kalpas make one day of Brahma.  Brahma is believed to have lived for billions or trillions of years.

When our people do the sankalp, which is to be done everyday by orthodox people, they have to mention the exact day, month and year of the Kaliyug as well as the Chaturyugi, Manovantar and kalpa in which we are living.   It is said that we are living today in the 28th Chaturyugi in our present Manovantar, that is to say half the Manovantar of our Kalpa is over, but the remaining Manovantar is yet to be completed.  We are living presently  in the  Vaivasvata Manuvantar.
One may or may not believe the above system, but one can only marvel at the flight of imagination of our ancestors who could conceive of billions or trillions of years in history.

Aryabhatta in his famous book called the Aryabhatiya wrote about algebra, arithmetic, trigonometry, quadratic equations and the sine table. He calculated the value of Pi at 3.1416, which is close to the actual value which is about 3.14159. Aryabhatta's works were later adopted by the Greeks and then the Arabs.

I am not going into the contribution of the other mathematicians e.g. Brahmagupta, Bhaskar, Varahamihira etc. as that will take too much time.

ASTRONOMY
In ancient India, Aryabhata in his book Aryabhatiya presented a mathematical system that postulated that the earth rotated on its axis.  He also considered the motion of the planets with respect to the sun (in other words there was a hint in Aryabhat’s system of the heliocentric theory of Copernicus, though there is a debate about it).   The other famous astronomers of that time were Brahma Gupta who headed  the astronomical observatory at Ujjain and wrote a famous text on astronomy, and Bhaskara, who also was a head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain.  Varahamihira presented a theory of gravitation which suggested that there is a force due to which bodies stuck to the earth, and also kept the heavenly bodies in their determined places.

I am not going into detail into these theories of these great astronomers, but I would certainly like to say that it is remarkable that even today predictions can be made about the time and date of solar and lunar eclipses on the basis of calculations made by the ancient astronomers thousands of years ago, and that too at a time when there were no modern instruments like telescopes etc. and observations had to be made with the naked eye.

MEDICINE
The names of Sushruta and Charaka are the most famous in ancient Indian medicine.  Sushruta is regarded as the father of Indian surgery and he invented cataract surgery, plastic surgery etc.  many centuries before it was invented by the westerners.  In his book Sushruta Samhita he has mentioned in great detail about the medicines and surgeries, including dozens of instruments used in surgeries, details of which can be seen on the internet in Google.  Sushrut said that to be a good surgeon one has to have a good knowledge of anatomy.  Charaka Samhita is  an ancient Indian ayurvedic text  on internal medicine written by Charaka and it is central to the modern day practice of ayurvedic medicine.   Both Sushruta Samhita and Charak Samhita were written in Sanskrit, details of which also can be seen in the internet in Google.  In this connection it may be mentioned that in the London Science Museum in one floor relating to medicine, there is mention of the various achievements in medicine in ancient India including the surgical instruments used by Sushruta.

It is thus evident that India was far ahead of all countries in medicine in ancient times.

ENGINEERING
In Engineering, too, we had made great progress as is evident from the great South Indian temples in Tanjore, Trichy, Madurai, etc. as also the temples in Khajuraho, Orissa, etc. It is said that there was an institute in Aihole in Karnatka in the 6th Century A.D. which developed structural mechanics.  The principles developed by this institute e.g. sloped roofs were applied to structures built in Kerala,  eastern Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu.

I may now make another digression, but that too will be relevant to the topic under discussion.

The attitude of the British Rulers towards Indian Culture
The attitude of the British rulers towards Indian culture passed through three historical phases.
The first phase was from about 1600 AD when the British came to India and established their settlements in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta as traders upto 1757 when the Battle of Plassey was fought.  During that period  the attitude of the British was totally indifferent towards Indian culture because they had come here as merchants to make money and they were not interested in Indian culture at all.

The second phase was from 1757 to 1857 AD i.e. upto the Sepoy mutiny.  In 1757 the Battle of Plassey was fought after which the Diwani of Bengal was granted to the British by the Mughal emperor.  This transformed the Britishers from merchants to rulers, after which the entire province of Bengal (which included Bihar and Orissa) came under their rule.  A ruler has to know about his subjects in order to properly administer their territory.  Hence, from 1757 to 1857, the Britishers carefully studied Indian culture and made some important contributions, particularly with respect to spread of knowledge of Indian culture to the West.

The third phase begins with the Indian mutiny of 1857 and its suppression by the British rulers.  After 1857, the British were determined that there should not be any such outbreak against their rule.  For this purpose they did two things (a) they increased their army in India and particularly the number of Europeans in the Indian Army, and also placed the artillery completely in the hands of Europeans artillery and (b) they started a policy of deliberately demoralizing the India people by spreading the propaganda that Indians were only a race of fools and savages before the British came into India and there was nothing worthwhile in Indian culture  as it was the culture of fools and savages.  This was deliberately done so that the Indian people may themselves start believing that they were an inferior race and should gladly accept the Britishers as their masters.  It is because of the third phase that we had forgotten the great achievements of our ancestors, including their achievements in science.

It is the second phase mentioned above which is of particular interest, because it is in this period that the British carefully studied Indian culture.

Among such Britishers, the foremost was Sir William Jones who came to India in 1783 as a Judge of the Supreme Court of Calcutta.  Sir William Jones was born in 1746 and he was a child prodigy who had mastered several languages such as Greek, Latin, Persian, Arabic, Hebrew etc. at a very young age.   He had studied at Oxford University and had also passed his Bar examination to qualify as a lawyer.  When he came to India he was told that there was an ancient Indian language called ‘Sanskrit’ and this aroused his curiosity and he became determined to study it. Consequently, he enquired and found a good teacher called Ram Lochan Kavi Bhushan – a poor Bengalee Brahman who lived in a dark and dingy room in a crowded locality in Calcutta.  Sir William Jones started going to this person to learn Sanskrit.  He has written in his memoirs that when the daily lesson was completed he would glance behind and saw the Bengalee Brahmin washing the floor where Sir William Jones sat to learn his lessons as he was regarded as a Mleccha.  However, Sir William Jones was not insulted by this as he was a scholar and hence thought that one should accept the customs of the teacher.

Having mastered the Sanskrit language, Sir William Jones established the Asiatic Society in Calcutta and also translated many of the great Sanskrit works e.g. Abhigyan Shakuntalam into English.  This work was brought to the notice of the great German scholar Goethe who greatly praised it.  Sir William proved that   Sanskrit was very close to Greek and Latin.  In fact, it was closer to Greek than to Latin because Sanskrit has three numbers – singular, dual and plural as is the case with Greek, whereas Latin has only two numbers – singular and plural, like in English, Hindi and many other languages.

Thus, Sir William Jones established that Sanskrit, Greek and Latin were all descended from a common ancestor and he was the creator of modern comparative philology.

There were several other British scholars who did research in Indian culture, particularly during the second historical phase mentioned above, but it is not necessary to go into detail about it as it will take too much time.

Suffice it to say that these scholars were wonderstruck about the great achievements of Indian scholars whose works were all written in the Sanskrit language.

Condition of Science in Modern IndiaI have stated above, at one time India was leading the world in science.  Scholars from Arabia and China would come to India to learn from us in our great universities at Taxila, Nalanda, Ujjain etc. as our disciples. However, it must be regrettably stated that today we are lagging far behind the West in modern science. We have no doubt produced great scientists & mathematicians like CV Raman, Chandrasekhar, Ramanujan, S.N. Bose, J.C. Bose, Meghnad Saha etc., but these belong to the past.

However, that is not because of any inherent defect in us, but because of certain historical reasons. In fact, much of Silicon Valley in California is today manned by the Indian scientists, particularly in information technology. In most of the science and mathematical faculties in American Universities there are a large number of Indian professors.  Hence, it is not due to any inherent inferiority that India has not progressed as much as Westerners in science in modern times, but due to certain other reasons. We have a powerful scientific heritage and knowledge of it would give us the moral courage and strength once again to come in the forefront of science in the modern world.

A question which arises is why did we later fall behind the West in science when we were earlier far ahead. This is also known as Needhams’s question. Professor Needham of England was a brilliant bio-chemist who later studied Chinese culture and wrote books on the history of science in China in several volumes. In one of these volumes he has raised the question why China which was at one time ahead of the West in science, having made great discoveries like gun-powder, printing, paper etc., later fell behind and did not have an industrial revolution. The same question is to be raised for India too.

To my mind the answer to this question is that necessity is the mother of invention. We had reached a certain level of scientific development, but after that, it was not necessary for survival for us to develop further. On the other hand, the geographical factor in Europe compelled the Europeans for sheer survival to move ahead in science. The Europeans who were at one time lagging behind India (which was ahead in the fundamental sciences) and China (which was ahead in the applied sciences) learnt these sciences and then for survival had to make further progress.

In India we have a relatively temperate climate and there is not only a summer crop (called Kharif crop) there is also winter crop (called Rabi crop). On the other hand Europe has a cold and harsh climate with the land covered by snow for 4 or 5 months in the year in which there can be no winter crop. Hence for sheer survival the Europeans were compelled to progress further in Science as their population had increased. Perhaps that is the reason why they moved ahead, while we remained behind. This, however, is only my tentative view, and I welcome the views of others.

To solve our massive problems today we must quickly catch up with the West in science. Only with the help of science we can abolish poverty, unemployment etc. which are our major social problems today.

70 comments:

  1. sir it was very interesting to read your blog, however regarding the cause given for our present degeneration of science in india ,one of the reason may be due to our culture which teaches us to blindly follow and respect our parents forefather .no question can be raised against them as it would be considered as ill manner .this lack of questioning attitude may also played its part in the static life which we witnessed later and also till now

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I completely agree. In addition, there are too many sacred cows and everything is sacred. This kills the questioning mind and as a result, no scientific temper can flourish.

      Delete
    2. @Ajit, Did u read about "Nyaya"? Ours is the only culture which does not ask to 'blindly follow'. There is nothing in our dharma that dictates skillfully disagreeing with even kings, how ever we should take care not to be rude.

      @Zedd, I never would have guessed cows are hampering our scientific temperament. And something being considered sacred should have evoked curiosity. For example , sacred groves (small forest) in kerala, help maintain water table level, provide shelter for reptiles & small animals, purify air...etc.

      So wen something is considered sacred, look for a scientific reason

      Delete
  2. I very much enjoy the boldness in making your viewpoints so public. You are to me somewhat akin to Richard Dawkins, the evolutionary biologist. Both of you do not make attempts to be diplomatic in order to gain popularity.

    ReplyDelete
  3. SRINIVASAN ANAND24 April 2012 at 15:25

    Sir,
    Excellent and enlightening article. Sir it appears that lot of English and French words are derived from Sanskrit
    Mother/Maternity-Matara/Matru
    Brother-Bhrata
    Divine-Divi
    Daughter-Duhitra
    New-Dava
    Door-Dwaara
    Nose/Nasal-Naasika
    French Words:
    Sept(seven)-Sapta
    Neuf(Nine)-Navama
    Entrepreneur-Antarprerit
    Detente-Dwaitant
    Sir, pls write an article on this subject.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Hi Srivnivasan,
      Good observation! I want to add here that many words in other languages also seem to be derived from Sanskrit.

      pitra (Sanskrit) = father (English) = padre(Spanish) pronounced as father = père (French)

      Your finding on Entrepreneur derived from Antraprerit is excellent! It not only explains what entrepreneurship is about, but only provokes one to follow inner calling! I would be happy to have further discussion on this.

      Delete
  4. I of course enjoy your writing and here also, the thinking about your home especially a reminder that India is a place of, as you say, old immigrants. It is, of course, an example of 'tolerance' in action.

    ReplyDelete
  5. Excellent Work Sir

    Congrats and Thanks

    ReplyDelete
  6. Excellent Article, but sad to know that some persons of high repute and learning still believe archaic theory of "Aryan/Dravidian Race". Modern anthropologists and historians including left leaning intellectuals like Romilla Thapar have long discarded this colonial theory. Aryan & Dravidians are linguistic groups and not distinct races.Many studies in molecular biology & mitochondrial DNA have proved beyond doubt that modern north indians and south Indians share almost same genetic pool.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Lord Krishna says in the Gita that the body is only a cloth we wear for a lifetime and then discard the old body and take a new one when we are reborn. So why this importance given to Race and by extension, the body.

      Delete
  7. Thank you for giving us wonderful knowledge and positive energy towards future sir.

    Deepak

    ReplyDelete
  8. A complete journey of ancient Indian history unfolds in a lucid manner. Kudos! for the scholary presentation of the article though further research in the above subject can not be overruled.
    Skjha ,Patna

    ReplyDelete
  9. इस ब्लाग पर माननीय न्यायाधीश महोदय से बहुत कुछ पाया और जाना !

    ReplyDelete
  10. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  11. Sir,
    As you are aware,the Aryan Invasion Theory(AIT) or Aryan Migration Theory(AMT) is contested and not proven.
    <<< There is perhaps not a single instance of an invasion from India to outside India. >>>

    There is one atleast one instance of the Great Chola emperor Raja Raja invading Sri Lanka and his son Rajendra Chola invading Maldives,Combodia,Vietnam,Thailand,Indonesia.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. The Cholas invaded South-East Asia because the kings who ruled there did not curb the sea pirates, who blocked the flow of sea trade between South India and China. The Cholas never wanted to expand their territory to those areas. They placed an effective king in those places for trade and cultural exchanges to continue as before. And, no unfair advantage was taken of those areas. So this cannot be called invasion.

      Delete
  12. It's surprising how almost all percentages end up being 95%, without any citation. One usually anticipates at least some diversity of numbers in most circumstances. Given the fact that this is a discussion on science, at least some sort of commitment to empiricism would be desirable.

    ReplyDelete
  13. markandeyaji,
    though you are justice the study point to point in sanskrit rise and fall is splendid.
    classic delivary of speech. hats off. salutes to you.
    kamalesh pathak

    ReplyDelete
  14. Here is the answer for Needham's question: SANSKRIT. Renaissance scientists of europe who often were aristocrats developed common sense. Here is how. At first they worked in Latin. After sitting through Newton’s story about the ‘pomum’ falling to the ‘terra’ from the ‘arbor’ for the umpteenth time, the bright sparks realised they all spoke English and could transform their understanding of the universe much quicker by communicating in their own language. Same sense prevailed with french, italians, german or dutch. Now, communicating science is as easy as narrating a folk lore. The science grew. Along with it their languages grew. Indian upper-casts could never grow out of Sanskrit. Justice Katju obviously demonstrate that tendency. Never changing rigid unspoken illegible Sanskrit withered. So was Indian science. Consequently, Sanskrit got confined to place where it can be used but need not be understood, Temple ceremonies.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I too feel, if the language had evolved by keeping in touch with the masses, rather than being restricted to an elite few, there would have been a greater flowering of both Science and the Language.

      Delete
  15. So what good is all this now,glorifying past of our ancestors.As you said,because of geographical advantage agriculture flourished and time was available to spend on pleasures of mind.But now since the resources are scarce the advantage of being superior to other cultures/region has gone and we are reduced to fighting among ourselves.Akin to society of US.

    And Sir,ain't Shiv Sena and Late Thackeray were like US?Giving teeth to their own people against others` at the expense of other people/regions.Just they implemented as foreign policy and state policy.

    Nobody is going to unite in India since there is shortage of resources and strain on environment.Past glory is bygone and cannot to be used to shake the inertia/second class acceptance of this generation

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. If there is any reason to glorify our past it is only this - we need not consider ourselves inferior to the West (a tendency that seems to proliferate in the best of Indian Minds) - but that by a proper assessment and proper wisdom, we can excel as much as anyone.

      Delete
  16. very touching......traditions should be followed for awakening India.

    ReplyDelete
  17. thanks Sir, Sachi

    ReplyDelete
  18. Sanskrit by definition it enriches you and learning it makes you a serious student of literature and science.It is quite challenging hence it calls for lot of mental discipline and dedication.Sanskrit opens the gate vast amount of untapped reservoir of knowledge.In no other language the stress is on precision and economy of words.In hindi one could say that sanskrit is the only language where you can have your gagar filled with sagar.

    ReplyDelete
  19. If the language "Sanskrit" is so great, rich and so on, why it is not being used, taught, read, learnt for the benefit of the nation and world as well. Everybody is running after English. Even Saskrit does not find place in Parliament and Supreme Court. Only writing such lengthy articles is not going to help sanskrit. I have not learnt Hon'ble Judge Sir has done anything concrete in this regard being all capable to do a lot. What to talk of Sanskrit, even Hindi is not allowed in the Hon'ble Supreme Court and some of the High Courts too. Hon'ble Sir, would you say and do something also about the pathetic state and status of Hindi.

    ReplyDelete
  20. a great article.. I've always find this difference between our Sanskrit texts and our history very confusing. I mean if Dwapar yug was preceded by Treta Yug and if Dwapar yug was double the size of Kaliyug then Ramayan is lakhs of years old. but according to history and as you also said that it's about 5,000 years old. so in this case our Ramayan is just a work of fiction or our Historic analysis are very-very wrong. What are your thoughts on this? Please reply sir.

    ReplyDelete
  21. we did lose knowledge, especially after the battle of MAHABHARAT, like the knowledge of war fare, and because of losing knowledge, invaders came here and ruled us. In my opinion, it is important to project the right history, whether people get angry or get happy is not our concern, only the right must be shown.

    ReplyDelete
  22. wow....very interesting blog
    thanks for sharing

    ReplyDelete
  23. Thank you for sharing. After going through these words it seems to me like revisiting my own roots.
    Warm Regards
    Anil Nakhasi

    ReplyDelete
  24. As I know, before the entry of Aryans into India, the Dravidian languages were spoken by the inhabitants of India; Tamil language is one of the many Dravidian languages presently spoken in India. Sanskrit has borowed a lot from these languages

    Tamil could not be linked to any language that existed outside India. It is truly Indian language that has origin and history of evolution in India. As I know, there is only one word which is similar in Tamil and Hybrew - the one used for peacock.

    Now all historians of world talk about tamil and world history.

    Indians talk about sanskrit. No longer they can talk about that.

    But indian tamil pandits talk about sanskrit derived words of tamil.

    They want to purify tamil,thinking that sanskrit is alien from tamil.

    Sanskrit is evolved from tamil. Sanskrit words roots are in tamil.

    ReplyDelete
  25. Sir, I must say you have a very good understanding of Indian history and culture. Read your speech given in IISc on the Sanskrit language. It really goes very deep into the Indian history and culture. I have also read a little of Indian philosophy, history and culture but after reading your speech I learned a lot.

    ReplyDelete

  26. TAMIL IS THE FIRST UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE OF MANKIND - SHOCKING NEWS

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTp3aA2flO4

    TAMIL IS THE FIRST COMMON UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE - Shocking Truth About Tamil Language - Alex Collier in 1995.

    All of Earths languages are derived from a ancient Pre-Sumerian language calledTamil which was spoken in Lyra and latter in the Pleaides.
    http:// www.alexcollier. org/ alex-collier-let ters-from-andro meda-june-1996- part-4/
    If you wish to contact Alex Collier directly, please contact him via the following email addresses:
    ivanhoe1818@liv e.com
    spacementoring@ live.com
    Or contact him at his post office box:
    Alex Collier
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    Morrison, CO 80465

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTp3aA2flO4

    ReplyDelete

  27. Respected Sir,

    Sir Your view is ILLOGICAL and RACIST one. Science can be educated by any language. How can a DEAD HALF Language Sanskrit can be science...

    Could you please refer foll. links...

    Tamils lived up to Sindh Valley from Kumari Kandam...

    The lost Lemuria continent | "Kumari Kandam"

    “Lemuria” in Tamil nationalist mysticist literature, connecting Madagascar, South India and Australia (covering most of the Indian Ocean). Mount Meru stretches southwards from Sri Lanka. The distance from Madagascar to Australia is about 4,200 miles

    http://tamilvaralaru.wordpress.com/2011/09/10/kumarikandam/

    http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/article:kumari-kandam

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZKiCpFisoY

    http://lemuria-kumarinadu.blogspot.in/

    http://kumari-kandam.blogspot.in/

    India was land of Nagas and its language Tamil

    http://www.ambedkar.org/Tirupati/Chap22.htm

    http://www.ambedkar.org/ambcd/39A.Untouchables%20who%20were%20they_why%20they%20became%20PART%20I.htm

    Shocking Truth About Tamil Language - Alex Collier in 1995

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRghF1pQccA

    Brahmanism Controlled Masses Through Language

    http://www.ambedkar.org/brahmanism/BRAHMANISM_CONTROLLED_MASSES_THROUGH_LANGUAGE.htm

    Muthamizh
    Chennai

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Sorry to say that you sound "racist" here raising irrelevant topics. The topic here is which is oldest tradition/civilization/language. The topic is ancient science/math written in Sanskrit. In Tamil - we have not had anything kanakkadhikaaram in math, or in astronomy/science books that were not translated from Sanskrit. That does not mean Tamil did not fair in science or math (they also had measurements of smallest fractions and largest numbers etc). Whatever literature so far available only shows that they were traders (and used required math for that such as measurement tables). May be their literature was lost in two times sea-swallowing events as stated widely in tamil literature. They have their own contributions (of the available ones) such as Arts(Pancha Marabu), Grammar (tholkappiyam whether tholkappiyar belongs Aindra school of Vedic culture is debatable). Tamil indeed was an ancient language before/after Sanskrit is still being debate and no concrete proof either way.

      Delete
  28. I think lot of work has to be done in this area and personally I feel you (author) need to read lot of books by Devaneya Pavanar, Kamil Zvebil, Deivanayagam, Alexander Harris which are in Tamil before presenting in IISc like prestigious institutes. Hope you will read them now.

    Yes, Sanskrit can be a scientific language because it was well made whereas Tamil is natural which predates Sanskrit. Sanskrit for India was like Esparente for European Union.

    ReplyDelete
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  34. Sanskrit was a great language but now its dead. Move on!

    ReplyDelete
  35. Sanskrit is The Language of DIVINE Energy which never dies.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Sanskrit was never a language of commoners. So it was never a living language in first place.
      Living languages do not go extinct, they change form, grow big and so on. Sanskrit might be the language of Gods, but for humans it was like an EXOTIC cake which commoners could never buy to eat. Thats why Buddha chose Pali or Mahavira chose Prakrit. And remember they happened 2500 years ago. Means Sanskrit was already dead then.

      Delete
  36. Dear Justice Katju: I am glad you are putting emphasis on Sanskrit. I am also glad that you linked climate/land to immigration patterns. The fertile lands of the Indian Sub Continent have attracted everyone both settlers and looters.

    However there is something to ponder. For societies to develop, they need surplus economic output. Surplus economic output allows sections of the society to focus on issues beyond basic sustenance. It is this freedom to focus beyond the basics, which leads to progress in science, math, engineering, language, literature, performing and visual arts.

    So going by your logic, it would make more sense for the higher forms of human advancement originate from the land of plenty, which you clearly identified as the sub-continent. That would imply that the flow of knowledge was OUT of India, not INTO India.

    While this does not discount that there would be immigration INTO India, in the context of the topic, flow of knowledge & Sanskrit, OUT of India is more consistent with the thesis you have presented.

    ReplyDelete
  37. Why forget that sanskrit was also a language of oppressors. shudras didnt speak sanskrit.

    ReplyDelete
  38. Justice Katuju, I still did not understand the actual meaning or purpose to write this article. You mean we are far behind in arts and literature. We are leaders in corruption, disease, hunger index and malnutrition and no 1 in dowry deaths and other social evils. One thing you have to agree is that currently we have the most inefficient and corrupt government Congress in the history of Indian politics and it was always the same party that only exploited people.

    Second there is no research culture and institutes in India. Research needs investment and time to explore new things. We are not risk takers and an average Indian spend most of the time in watching TV and social gathering that taking the time out to dedicate to research.

    Government funding for research in too low in budget. In western world the phd students and scientist are paid heavily in government projects and their findings are taken seriously as leads in new development and inventions and even in policy frameworks. India has such poor governance system and such low IQ government employees who get a job based on caste system. Justice Katuju we are too corrupt and selfish and India is not moving towards right direction.

    Please see the politics in Pakistan at the moment. A Tsunami is awaiting with a fantastic visionary leader called Imran Khan. His intentions are great and unfortunately we dont have that kind of leader or party in India whom public can trust completely. With both BJP and Congress public will vote for third front and will coalition politics there will be even more corruption and castism and riots

    ReplyDelete
  39. I have heard Indians in western universities doing research on Sanskrit. They believe that since Sanskrit is a scientific language with perfect grammar rules they can use it as a machine language.
    We are proud Sanskrit was born here but would have been more happier if this was done in an Indian university (like IISc, IITs).

    ReplyDelete
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  41. Such a rich language is pushed back in kendriya vidyalayas for the cause of German language. As KVS officials got hefty amoutn from German government

    ReplyDelete
  42. Needham's Question for India:

    India, with it's bountiful land & climate, safe borders, and large population allowed human growth like no other land did. However, this blessing of nature also became it's curse.

    With time, It allowed people to look inward rather than outward. They became focused on maintaining the system rather than innovating. Tough borders made armed excursions out of India more difficult for the rulers. They just wanted to avoid invasions from outside as long as they could rule the unwashed masses of their own people.

    To achieve that, those in power devised a caste system to control their subjects forever rather than allowing the masses to reach it's true potential. They told the majority that they were not worthy of learning and it was a sin for them to read. They restricted learning to select few on basis of birth-line. Ruling elites cut the feet of the country. A certain outcome of that was the downfall of the entire Indian subcontinent to the people from outside.

    Against all the odds, these people from harsher climate outside India had no choice but to band together and came looking for greener pastures. They crossed the toughest barriers by sheer grit, camaraderie and innovation, and found a sitting duck (proverbial golden bird)......an India that was deeply divided and hierarchical. This was an India that was divided between a miniscule lazy ruling minority and a large hungry majority stuck in deep superstitions. This large majority was also brainwashed into believing that they were the inferior people by birth and had no hope except to serve the ruling minority.

    Thus, a God's own country became almost a wasteland- in health, wealth, as well as in ideas. Of course, Sanskrit which was never a language of people to begin with, died a slow death- becoming a vestige of it's past and just a relic of old religion . It continues to be invoked with great nostalgia but is mostly used to chant those old words of bandages from it's religious past that many follow blindly but few understand or care for.

    It's time to move on......only if we are ready to... are we?

    ReplyDelete
  43. RTI response reveals Press Council chairman Justice Markandey Katju among seven who nominated actress Naghma for 2013 Padma award

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  44. India though it has more than five hundred spoken dialects, has only one sacred language and only one sacred literature, accepted and revered by all adherence of Hinduism alike, however diverse in race, dialect, rank and creed. That language is Sanskrit and Sanskrit literature, the only repository of the Veda or knowledge in its widest sense, the only vehicle of Hindu mythology, philosophy, law, the mirror in which all the creeds, opinions, and customs and usages of the Hindus are faithfully reflected and the only quarry whence the requisite materials may be obtained for improving the vernaculars or for expressing important religious and scientific ideas."

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  45. ङङङझझझगगगखखखकककचचचडडडढढढणणणनननथथथतततपपपदददबबबडडडजजजझझझ
    ङङङघघघगगगखखखकककञञञझझझजजजणणणढढढआअआआआईइईईईऊउऊऊऊूूूूूूूूूूूूूूूूूूूूूूूूू
    ृॄॢॣेैोौ०१०
    णणणझझझञञञछछछचचचटटटठठठडडडतततथथथदददधधधनननमममपपपयययकककखखख
    गगगघघघङङङञञञझझझजजजछछछचचचटटटठठठडडडढढढणणणनननधधध
    ॥।॥॥॥२२२३३३.,.,
    Kएनिछि ंओरि ऊङं।ष्।ॐपेन्Wअल्ल्.,ईन्च्।ओपेन्वल्ल्.चोम्।CCC.,ईन्च्।च्च्च्.दे।ंइच्रोसोfत्.,चो.,ल्त्द्
    Pरेसिदेन्त्.,।

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  46. You may be the best fit person whom i can ask, How to make sanskrit the national language? Please suggest a way.!!

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  47. Sir,
    I have not been able to locate any translations of the works of the great mathematicians. If any are available, could you, or any readers of this blog, point me in that direction.

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    Replies
    1. Sir,
      Search in archive.org, scribd, or google is your friend. Let me know if you are looking a specific one.

      Delete
  48. To answer Markandey Katju's question in his blog - Why Indians who once were leading in math, science, astronomy are not anymore. I think to me the answer is simple. Thanks to people like William Jones, Macaulay, even our Raja ram Mohan Roy - changed the education system, destroyed our manuscripts, took away our wealth (India was 42% of the world's GDP before 1700), forced us to learn a new system, introduced caste-divide (by choosing "sansktrit elites" to translation jobs, government jobs). 3000+ years of thinking process, education system have been replaced with our own stuff taught in a different way for 200 years. The way we did "calculus" was different from the way we do now. Thanks! DesCartes (who borrowed Indian Mathematics through Jesuits) who disputed whether curved line can be "approximated" into several linear segments. That is not how Indians handled curved lines, they used ropes to measure curved lines.
    West created patent system and own it. Can you create a generic in India (Thanks to our stand on it in WTO - we could do it in certain circumstances). To process herbals - we have to think in terms of acids, bases, chemical reactions - that is not how we did it. It was "trial and error" (what we call now clinical trials)
    Can we go back? Should we go back? How?

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  49. one of finest article i have ever read about India's rich heritage. Thanks for sharing such an enlightening message.

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  50. Excellent post. I really enjoyed it. So thanks for sharing.

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  51. It is so good to have sanskrit as a language for science.
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